Kodi Njira Yolankhulirana ndi Mafakitale ndi Chiyani Ndipo Chifukwa Chake Ndi Yofunika?

Chiyambi

Mu makina odziyimira pawokha a mafakitale, kulumikizana ndi zomangamanga zomwe zimalola makina, masensa, owongolera, ndi mapulogalamu kuchitapo kanthu pazidziwitso zomwezo panthawi yoyenera. Dongosolo lolumikizirana la mafakitale limapangidwa kuti lizitha kusinthana deta, kupezeka kwakukulu, komanso kugwira ntchito modalirika m'malo ovuta komwe kuchedwa kapena kulephera kungasokoneze kupanga ndikuyika pachiwopsezo chitetezo. Kumvetsetsa momwe machitidwewa amagwirira ntchito kumathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mafakitale amatha kuyang'anira zida nthawi yeniyeni, kugwirizanitsa njira pazida zambiri, ndikulumikiza ukadaulo wogwirira ntchito ndi machitidwe abizinesi. Magawo omwe akutsatira amafotokoza zomwe dongosolo lolumikizirana la mafakitale limaphatikizapo, momwe limasiyanirana ndi maukonde wamba, komanso chifukwa chake limakhudza mwachindunji nthawi yogwira ntchito, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuwoneka bwino.

Chifukwa Chake Machitidwe Olumikizirana ndi Mafakitale Ndi Ofunika

An njira yolumikizirana yamafakitaleamagwira ntchito ngati dongosolo lalikulu la mitsemphakupanga zinthu zamakono, kuwongolera njira, ndi malo odzichitira zokha. Mosiyana ndi maukonde a IT amakampani omwe amaika patsogolo bandwidth ndi kulumikizana kwakukulu, maukonde amakampani amapangidwa kuti athandize kusinthana kolondola komanso nthawi yeniyeni kwa deta pakati pa masensa, ma actuator, ma programmable logic controllers (PLCs), ndi machitidwe oyang'anira. Potseka kusiyana pakati pa ukadaulo wogwirira ntchito (OT) ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso (IT), machitidwe awa amapanga maziko ofunikira pa zoyambitsa za Industry 4.0.

Ndalama ndi ntchito zomwe zimafunika m'mafakitale zimafuna njira zapadera zolumikizirana. Kulephera kwa netiweki kwakanthawi kapena kuchedwa kwambiri komwe kungayambitse vuto la kuletsa kwakanthawi muofesi kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zida, ngozi zachitetezo, kapena ndalama zambiri pazinthu zotayidwa pafakitale. Chifukwa chake, njira zolumikizirana zamafakitale zimapangidwa kuti zitsimikizire kutumiza deta mkati mwa nthawi yokhwima komanso yoyezera, nthawi zambiri zimayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma netiweki omwe alipo pa 99.999% kapena kupitirira apo.

Momwe amawongolera nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso kuwonekera

Mwa kuthandizira kusinthana kwa deta mwachangu pakati pa zipangizo zomwe zili m'munda ndi machitidwe apamwamba owongolera ndi kupeza deta (SCADA), maukonde amakono amawonjezera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a zida zonse (OEE). Kutumiza deta mosalekeza kumalola oyang'anira mafakitale kusintha kuchoka pa njira zosinthira kupita ku zokonzeratu. Pamene masensa ogwedera ndi ma drive amagetsi amalankhulana bwino kudzera munjira zapamwamba za bandwidth—nthawi zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa 100 Mbps mpaka 1 Gbps—mainjini owunikira amatha kuzindikira zolakwika zazing'ono kwambiri makina asanagwire ntchito.

Kuwoneka kosalekeza kumeneku kumachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito yosakonzekera. M'mafakitale olemera, komwe ola limodzi lokha lopanga zinthu lingathe kuwononga ndalama zoposa $100,000, kuthekera kopeza vuto la netiweki ku doko linalake kapena kusweka kwa chingwe m'masekondi m'malo mwa maola ambiri kumasintha kwambiri njira yokonzera. Ma protocol apamwamba owunikira omwe amaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo lolumikizirana amapereka kulondola kwapadera pankhani ya thanzi la netiweki, kuchepetsa kuchedwa kwa mavuto ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito.

Chifukwa chiyani kugwirizana, kutsimikiza mtima, ndi chitetezo cha pa intaneti ndizofunikira

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti njira yolumikizirana ndi mafakitale ikhale yodziwikiratu ndi chitsimikizo—chitsimikizo chenicheni chakuti uthenga udzatumizidwa ndikulandiridwa mkati mwa nthawi yeniyeni komanso yodziwikiratu. Mu ntchito zowongolera mayendedwe, monga manja a robotic ogwirizana kapena mizere yolumikizirana mwachangu, kugwedezeka kwa netiweki nthawi zambiri kuyenera kusungidwa pansi pa 1 microsecond. Popanda kulondola kotsimikizika kumeneku, kulumikizana kwa ma axis ambiri kumalephera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwonongeke komanso kugundana kwa makina.

Kugwirizana kumaonetsetsa kuti zida zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa ogulitsa osiyanasiyana zitha kulumikizana popanda zopinga zapadera. Ma protocol ovomerezeka amalola malo kuphatikiza makina apadera mu netiweki yogwirizana ya fakitale yonse, kuchepetsa ndalama zotsekera ndi zolumikizirana kwa ogulitsa. Komabe, kulumikizana kumeneku kumakulitsa malo owukira. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolimba zachitetezo cha pa intaneti, makamaka kutsatira muyezo wa IEC 62443, sikulinso kosankha. Machitidwe olumikizirana ndi mafakitale ayenera kuphatikiza kuyang'anira kwambiri mapaketi, kugawa ma netiweki, ndi kuwongolera mwayi wolowera padoko kuti ateteze ku ziwopsezo zakunja za pa intaneti komanso kusasinthika kwamkati.

Kodi Dongosolo Lolumikizirana la Mafakitale Limaphatikizapo Chiyani?

Kapangidwe ka makina olumikizirana a mafakitale kamaphatikizapo zigawo zingapo, kuphatikiza bwino zida zakuthupi ndi mapulogalamu ovuta a mapulogalamu. Mogwirizana ndi Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture, makina awa amagawa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pa intaneti kuyambira pa Level 0 (njira zakuthupi) mpaka Level 3 (makina opangira zinthu) ndi kupitirira apo. Njira yophatikizirayi imatsimikizira kuti deta yofunikira yowongolera imakhalabe yosiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amakampani omwe sakhudzidwa ndi nthawi.

Zigawo zazikulu ndi zigawo zake

Pa gawo loyambira, zinthu zakuthupi zimaphatikizapo ma switch olimba, ma router, ma gateway, ndi ma cable omwe adapangidwa kuti athe kupirira kutentha kwambiri, kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa ma electromagnetic (EMI), komanso kugwedezeka kosalekeza. Ma switch a Industrial Ethernet, mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma enclosures oyesedwa ndi IP67, ma conformal coating pama circuit board, ndi ma power inputs owonjezera kuti apulumuke m'mikhalidwe yovuta ya pansi pa fakitale.

Pamwamba pa gawo lakuthupi, ulalo wa deta ndi zigawo za pulogalamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchitoma protocol apadera a mafakitalekuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Zipata ndi zida zamakompyuta zam'mphepete zimagwira ntchito ngati omasulira, kusintha deta yakale kukhala mapaketi amakono a Ethernet. Izi zimalola makina akale, odzipatula kuti achite nawo njira zapamwamba zosonkhanitsira deta popanda kufunikira kukonzanso kwathunthu kwa zida.

Momwe ma protocol, media, topology, ndi kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe a nthawi

Kusankha kwa ma physical media kumalamulira kwambiri kuthekera kwa netiweki ndi zoletsa zake. Ma waya wamba amkuwa a mafakitale (Cat5e kapena Cat6a shielded twisted pair) amapezeka paliponse koma amakhalabe omangidwa ndi malire okhwima a kutalika kwa mamita 100 pa gawo lililonse. Pa malo akuluakulu kapena malo okhala ndi EMI yoopsa, ma waya a fiber optic a single-mode amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amatha kutumiza deta pamtunda wopitilira makilomita 10 popanda kuwonongeka kwa chizindikiro.

Kapangidwe ka topology kamathandizanso kulimba kwa makina. Ngakhale kuti IT yamakampani nthawi zambiri imadalira topology ya nyenyezi, maukonde a mafakitale nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mphete kapena daisy-chain kuti akonze kuyendetsa kwa ma waya ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe kubwezeretseka. Ma protocol monga Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) kapena Device Level Ring (DLR) amalola topology ya mphete kuti ibwererenso pambuyo pa kusweka kwa chingwe mkati mwa ma milliseconds osakwana 50. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yolondola imatsatiridwa kudzera mu IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP), yomwe imagwirizanitsa mawotchi a chipangizocho pa netiweki yonse kuti agwirizane ndi kulondola kwa sub-microsecond, chofunikira kwambiri pakulamulira koyenda bwino.

Momwe Zosankha za Protocol Zikufananizira

Kuwunika njira yolumikizirana ya mafakitale kumafuna kumvetsetsa bwino njira zolumikizirana. Kusintha kuchoka pa mabasi otsatizana kupita ku miyezo yozikidwa pa Ethernet kwagwirizanitsa gawo lakuthupi, koma magawo ogwiritsira ntchito akadali apadera kwambiri. Kusankha njira yolondola sikumangotanthauza liwiro la netiweki yokha komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zomwe ingathandize komanso zovuta zolumikizirana.

Zofunikira pakusankha njira yoyendetsera polojekiti

Mainjiniya ayenera kuwunika ma protocol kutengera miyezo yokhwima ya magwiridwe antchito: nthawi yochepa yozungulira, kuchuluka kwa ma node ambiri, chithandizo cha topology, ndi njira zobwezerezedwanso zachikhalidwe. Kuchuluka kwa thanki yowunikira makina oyendetsera ntchito kungafunike nthawi yozungulira m'ma millisecond mazana ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulumikizana kwa TCP/IP kukhale kokwanira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makina osindikizira othamanga kwambiri amafuna nthawi yozungulira pansi pa millisecond imodzi.

Chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri ndi momwe protocol imagwirira ntchito bwino. Ma protocol ena amakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera ndi kuzindikira, zomwe ndizovomerezeka pama network akuluakulu a SCADA koma zimawononga kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa makina. Kusankha protocol kumakhudzanso kwambiri mtengo wa zida, chifukwa miyezo ina yapamwamba imafunikira Ma Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) kapena Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) mkati mwa chipangizo chilichonse chamunda.

Industrial Ethernet vs fieldbus

Mapangidwe akale a fieldbus, monga PROFIBUS DP kapena Modbus RTU, amagwira ntchito pa ma serial connections (monga RS-485). Ma network awa ndi olimba kwambiri komanso okhazikika koma ali ndi zoletsa zazikulu za bandwidth, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 12 Mbps ya PROFIBUS ndipo ndi otsika kwambiri kwa ena. Ndi okhazikika kwambiri ndipo amavutika kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa deta yowunikira yomwe imafunika ndi machitidwe amakono okonzeratu.

Ma protocol a Industrial Ethernet, kuphatikizapo PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, ndi EtherCAT, zalowa m'malo mwa fieldbus m'ma deployments atsopano. Pogwira ntchito pa 100 Mbps mpaka 1 Gbps, Industrial Ethernet imapereka bandwidth yofunikira potumiza deta yowongolera nthawi yeniyeni komanso deta yowunikira yomwe si yeniyeni kudzera pa waya womwewo. Ngakhale ma network a fieldbus nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma node 32 kapena 128 pa gawo lililonse, ma network a Industrial Ethernet amatha kufalikira ku zida zikwizikwi zolumikizidwa, bola ngati netiwekiyo yagawidwa bwino.

Kusinthana kwa nthawi, kukula, ndi kulimba

Kukwaniritsa kuchedwa kochepa kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumafuna kusinthana kwa mgwirizano wa netiweki wamba. Mwachitsanzo, EtherCAT imakwaniritsa nthawi yozungulira yosakwana ma microsecond 100 pa ma I/O point 1,000 ogawidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "processing on the fly". Komabe, izi zimafuna zida zapadera pa ma slave nodes ndipo sizigwiritsa ntchito ma switch a Ethernet wamba mkati mwa gawo la EtherCAT.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma protocol monga EtherNet/IP amadalira kwambiri zida za Ethernet zosasinthidwa komanso TCP/UDP/IP suite. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kufalikira komanso kuphatikizana bwino kwa IT/OT koma zimapangitsa kuti kukwaniritsa cholinga cha sub-millisecond kudalira kwambiri makonzedwe a netiweki mosamala, kuyika patsogolo Quality of Service (QoS), ndi ma switch oyendetsedwa bwino kwambiri.

Momwe Mungasankhire Dongosolo Loyenera

Kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa njira yolumikizirana yamphamvu yamafakitale kumafuna kulinganiza zosowa zogwirira ntchito mwachangu komanso kufalikira kwa nthawi yayitali komanso chitetezo. Kuwunika kwaukadaulo kokha kwa bandwidth ndi kuchedwa sikokwanira; mainjiniya ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) lomwe limaganizira za ntchito yophatikizana, kukonza kosalekeza, komanso kufunikira kosapeŵeka kwa kukulitsa mtsogolo.

Kuwunika zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi maziko okhazikitsidwa

Njira zosamukira ziyenera kuwerengera malo omwe alipo kale. M'malo okhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a fieldbus, nthawi zambiri sizikhala zopindulitsa pazachuma. M'malo mwake, ophatikiza makina amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosungiramo zinthu zakale.zipata za protocol ndi owongolera m'mphepetekuti alembe deta yotsatizana mu mafelemu a Ethernet, kulumikiza yakale ndi yatsopano. Mainjiniya ayenera kuwerengera mosamala nthawi yomwe ma gateway omasulira awa amabweretsera kuti atsimikizire kuti ma control loops amakhalabe okhazikika.

Pa mapulojekiti a greenfield, kuwunika kukula kwa ma node ndikofunikira kwambiri. Okonza mapulani ayenera kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma node a netiweki omwe akufunika m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kupanga ma subnet omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zoposa 50% mpaka 60% ya bandwidth yawo yomwe ilipo komanso mphamvu ya ma node poyambitsa koyamba. Mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa gawo limodzi lofalitsa mauthenga ku zida zosakwana 500 kumalepheretsa mphepo yamkuntho kuwononga magwiridwe antchito a netiweki pamene malowa akukulirakulira.

Miyezo yotsatirira malamulo, chitetezo cha pa intaneti, ndi kudalirika

Mapulani otsatira malamulo amalamulira maziko a chitetezo chogwira ntchito komanso chitetezo cha netiweki. Pamene makina olemera akuwopseza miyoyo ya anthu, makina olumikizirana ayenera kuthandizira njira zotetezera (monga PROFIsafe, CIP Safety) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi IEC 61508. Njirazi zimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za black-channel kuti zikwaniritse Safety Integrity Level 3 (SIL 3), kuonetsetsa kuti mwayi woti ngozi ichitike ndi wochepera 10^-7 pa ola limodzi.

Nthawi yomweyo, kapangidwe ka netiweki kayenera kugwirizana ndi IEC 62443muyezo wa chitetezo cha pa intanetiIzi zikuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa madera ndi ma conduit osiyanasiyana achitetezo, kukhazikitsa ma firewall a mafakitale, ndi kukhazikitsa chitetezo chokhwima cha ma doko. Kuzimitsa ma doko enieni osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusefa ma adilesi a MAC pamlingo wosinthira ndi njira zofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale chitetezo choyambirira.

Njira zokhazikitsira kuchepetsa chiopsezo chophatikizana

Kukhazikitsa bwino kumadalira kutsimikizika kokhwima komanso pang'onopang'ono kuti kuchepetse zoopsa zogwirizanitsa. Musanayambe kukhazikitsa, mayeso okhwima a Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) ayenera kuchitika kuti ayerekezere kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pa netiweki ndikutsimikizira kuyanjana kwa protocol. Gawo loyeserali liyenera kutsimikizira kuti makonzedwe a Quality of Service (QoS) amaika patsogolo bwino ma packet owongolera ofunikira kuposa kusamutsa deta yambiri.

Pakukhazikitsa mphamvu, kutsatira kwambiri miyezo ya mawaya kumafunika. Kukhazikika kosayenera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zosatetezedwa m'malo okhala ndi magetsi ambiri kungayambitse kusokoneza kwa maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapaketi awonongeke komanso zolakwika zina zomwe zimavuta kuzizindikira. Pomaliza, kukhazikitsa maziko a magwiridwe antchito a netiweki—kulemba kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kuchuluka kwa ma jitter, ndi katundu wa ma switch a CPU—kumapatsa magulu okonza deta yofunikira kuti azindikire ndikuthetsa kuwonongeka kwa netiweki isanakhudze kupanga.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Zomaliza zofunika kwambiri ndi zifukwa zofunika kwambiri za Industrial Communication System
• Mafotokozedwe, kutsata malamulo, ndi macheke owopsa oyenera kutsimikiziridwa musanachite izi
• Njira zotsatila zogwira mtima komanso machenjezo omwe owerenga angagwiritse ntchito nthawi yomweyo

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi njira yolankhulirana ya mafakitale ndi chiyani?

Ndi netiweki yolimba yomwe imalumikiza masensa, ma PLC, ma SCADA, mafoni, ma intercom, ndi ma alamu kotero kuti deta ndi mawu zimayenda bwino nthawi yeniyeni m'malo osiyanasiyana amafakitale.

N’chifukwa chiyani njira yolankhulirana ndi mafakitale ndi yofunika kwambiri pa nthawi yogwira ntchito m’fakitale?

Imachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito popereka zizindikiro mwachangu komanso zodziwikiratu komanso kuwonekera bwino kwa zolakwika, kuthandiza magulu kuzindikira mavuto msanga ndikuyankha zisanachitike kuti zolephera zisiye kupanga.

Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo ovuta kapena oopsa?

Zosankha zambiri zimaphatikizapo mafoni osaphulika kapena osagwedezeka ndi mphepo, ma intercom apakanema, mabokosi oimbira foni mwadzidzidzi, makina a PA, ndi zida za IP PBX/VoIP zopangidwira phokoso, fumbi, chinyezi, ndi madera oopsa.

Kodi ndingasankhe bwanji pakati pa mkuwa ndi ulusi pa netiweki yamafakitale?

Gwiritsani ntchito mkuwa wotetezedwa pakuyenda kwaufupi mpaka mamita 100 komanso kukhazikitsa kokhazikika. Sankhani ulusi pa mtunda wautali, madera okwera kwambiri, kapena ngati pakufunika kutalikirana kwambiri komanso kudalirika kwa msana.

N’chifukwa chiyani mungasankhe Siniwo kuti mupeze njira zothetsera mavuto okhudzana ndi kulankhulana kwa mafakitale?

Siniwo imapereka kapangidwe, kuphatikiza, kukhazikitsa, ndi kukonza komwe kumachitika nthawi imodzi, ndi zinthu zothandizidwa ndi ATEX, CE, FCC, ROHS, ndi ISO9001 zogwirira ntchito zamigodi, mafuta ndi gasi, mayendedwe, ndi magawo ena ovuta.